Anemia in pregnancy is a common but serious health condition that occurs when a pregnant woman does not have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to her body and the developing baby. It is especially common in low- and middle-income settings and can affect both mother and child if not properly managed.
What Causes Anemia in Pregnancy?
The most common cause is iron deficiency, because pregnancy increases the body’s need for iron to support the growing baby and placenta. Other causes include:
- Folate or vitamin B12 deficiency
- Malaria and worm infestations
- Frequent pregnancies or closely spaced births
- Poor nutrition
- Blood loss (from bleeding or medical conditions)
- Inherited blood disorders such as sickle cell disease
Types of Anemia Seen in Pregnancy
- Iron deficiency anemia – the most common type
- Folate deficiency anemia
- Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
- Anemia due to infections or chronic illness
Signs and Symptoms
Mild anemia may show no symptoms, which is why testing is important. As it becomes more severe, symptoms may include:
- Tiredness and weakness
- Dizziness or headaches
- Shortness of breath
- Pale skin, lips, or palms
- Fast heartbeat
- Poor concentration
Any pregnant woman experiencing these symptoms should seek medical care promptly.
Why Anemia in Pregnancy Is Dangerous
If not treated, anemia can lead to serious complications such as:
- Increased risk of maternal illness and death
- Preterm delivery
- Low birth weight
- Poor growth and development of the baby
- Increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage
- Reduced ability to cope with blood loss during delivery
How Anemia Is Diagnosed
Anemia is diagnosed through a blood test (hemoglobin level), usually done during antenatal care visits. Regular testing helps detect anemia early, even before symptoms appear.
Prevention of Anemia in Pregnancy
Anemia can largely be prevented through:
- Early and regular antenatal care
- Daily iron and folic acid supplementation as prescribed
- Good nutrition, including iron-rich foods such as:
- Green leafy vegetables (ugu, spinach)
- Beans, lentils, and peas
- Red meat, liver, fish, and eggs
- Fortified cereals and grains
- Eating vitamin C–rich foods (oranges, tomatoes) to improve iron absorption
- Malaria prevention (use of insecticide-treated nets)
- Deworming where recommended
- Proper birth spacing
Treatment of Anemia in Pregnancy
Treatment depends on the cause and severity:
- Iron and folic acid tablets for mild to moderate anemia
- Higher-dose supplements or injections if oral iron is not tolerated or effective
- Treatment of underlying infections such as malaria or worms
- Blood transfusion may be required in severe, life-threatening cases
Treatment should always be guided by a qualified healthcare provider.
Role of Family and Community
Support from family and community is vital. Husbands and relatives can help by:
- Encouraging antenatal clinic attendance
- Supporting nutritious meals for pregnant women
- Ensuring rest and reducing heavy workload
- Promoting early care-seeking when symptoms appear
Conclusion
Anemia in pregnancy is common, preventable, and treatable. With proper nutrition, routine antenatal care, and timely treatment, pregnant women can stay healthy and give birth to healthy babies. Every woman deserves the knowledge and support needed to prevent anemia and ensure a safe pregnancy.